Monday, December 30, 2019
Company Profile Of Aramark S E Essay - 2282 Words
Position and Ability to Compete Aramark SE, according to their company profile, caters to 100 million sports fans through partnerships with 149 professional and collegiate teams (Aramark, 2016). The company has a very strong ability to compete on analytics within this space. Transactional, labor, food cost, customer data and several other data types have been collected and warehoused over the past 5 years. Analytical tools are continuously being developed to improve the understanding of the stadium operation and how to properly optimize all aspects of functions of the business unit. Senior management has committed to enterprise wide analytics to continue to make Aramark SE better for the fan as well as the shareholders. Pillars of Analytic Competition In Competing on Analytics by Thomas Davenport and Jeanne Harris, the pillars of analytic completion are stated as: â€Å"(1) analytics supported a strategic, distinctive capability; (2) the approach to and management of analytics was enterprise-wide; (3) senior management was committed to the use of analytics; and (4) the company made a significant strategic bet on analytics-based competition†(Davenport Harris, 2007, pp. 511-512) . This section will describe Aramark’s position within these pillars. Support of a Strategic, Distinctive Capability Aramark SE is consistently exploring new ways to both improve operations and the fan experience within the venues within its portfolio. The team has already identifiedShow MoreRelatedAramark Analysis8473 Words  | 34 PagesEvaluation of the Strategic Position of: ARAMARK CORPORATION Matriculation Numbers: 1216049 - 1216050 - 1216079 - 1216123 - 1216127 Robert Gordon University – Business Hotel Management School BA Hotel and Hospitality Management BS 3190 Strategic Planning and Change Management in the Hotel Hospitality Industry Module Coordinator: Mrs. Elda Eicher Submission: 30 November 2012 Read MoreStarbucks Global Strategy5613 Words  | 23 PagesStarbucks global strategy De Wit and Meyer (1998) refer to market tendency towards homogeneous variety and tighter international linkages as globalization. The need for global strategy is outlined by the fact that companies are subject to global forces and consumer demands. As a consequence, firms are faced with a challenge of modifying their existent strategies to gain and sustain their competitive advantage in a rapidly changing environment. A well-designed global strategy can helpRead MoreRecognition and Reward Paper3487 Words  | 14 PagesReward and Recognition Program Key Finding 1: Approximately 90% of companies maintain some type of reward and recognition program. The majority of companies use these programs to create a positive work environment, improve employee morale, and motivate high performance. Research suggests that when designed and implemented properly, reward and recognition positively affects an organization’s bottom line. The Majority of Companies Maintain a Reward and Recognition Program According to a 2003 surveyRead MoreLiterature Review Write Up with Cover Page4074 Words  | 17 Pages(≠¤30% total kcals for entrees, snacks, sweets, and cold beverages) (Shimotsu et al., 2007). Practitioners at Ottawa Public Health developed a schematic for classifying the foods and beverages offered in vending machines according to their nutritional profile; this schematic consists of placing each food or beverage item into one of five product groups (nuts, seeds, legumes; milk-based products; vegetable and fruit products; other be verages; general products). Each product group has its own nutritionalRead MoreStarbucks Entering Italy10612 Words  | 43 PagesCorporation is a global coffee and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle. Washington, United States. Starbucks sells coffee, handcrafted beverages, merchandise, fresh food and consumer products. It is the largest coffeehouse company worldwide, with about 16.700 stores (8850 company-operated and 7856 licensed) in more than 55 countries. However, the striking fact is that Starbucks has not expanded into the Italian market yet, whereas Italy can be seen as the coffee-lover nation number one. This is especiallyRead MoreStrategic Management at Starbucks14676 Words  | 59 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 3 Introduction 3 CHAPTER 2 4 General Description of the Company 4 2.1. Strategic Group of the Company and the Dynamics of the Industry Structure 5 2.2. Starbucks in Romania - Market Environment 6 CHAPTER 3 8 Organizational Purpose 8 3.1. Mission and Vision 8 3.2. Values and Objectives 9 CHAPTER 4 9 Diagnosing the Strategic Capabilities within the Company 9 4.1. SWOT Analysis 10 4.2. Starbucks’ Corporate Capabilities 11 CHAPTER 5 12 LimitationsRead MoreStarbucks Case Study11295 Words  | 46 Pages1) Early days - The original coffee shop: cofounders’ philosophy - Howard Schultz enters the picture - Collecting ideas - Expanding the vision and building the concept - Howard Schultz’s Il Giornale venture B.2) Shifting gears - A shift in the company profile: Starbucks acquisition - Building the management team - Expansion and partnerships. Keeping the pressure - Building the workforce - Mission statement, Values and Principles - Innovation - Quality matters - Expansion strategy - IPO and Stock performanceRead MoreStarbucks Case Study11286 Words  | 46 Pages1) Early days - The original coffee shop: cofounders’ philosophy - Howard Schultz enters the picture - Collecting ideas - Expanding the vision and building the concept - Howard Schultz’s Il Giornale venture B.2) Shifting gears - A shift in the company profile: Starbucks acquisition - Building the management team - Expansion and p artnerships. Keeping the pressure - Building the workforce - Mission statement, Values and Principles - Innovation - Quality matters - Expansion strategy - IPO and Stock performanceRead MoreLodging Inductry24737 Words  | 99 Pageswith customers and developing customer loyalty. Supportive PowerPoint slides: 1-1, 1-11 to 1-17. Objective: 5. Understand how the marketing concept calls for a customer orientation. Recommended Ideas: Discussing the success and failure of companies adopting the different marketing management philosophies helps students realize how many business decisions are actually marketing decisions and how these decisions affect the overall business operation. Examples: Successful examples: Four SeasonsRead MoreHotel and Hospitality Industry22258 Words  | 90 Pagesamount of money taken by business in a particular period. There are many hospitality companies that have chains of outlets around the UK. Some well-known examples are: 5 Marketing Chapter.indd 5 9/12/10 11:13:12 BTEC’s own resources Did you know? Whitbread plc is the UK’s largest hotel and restaurant company. Whitbread’s brands include Premier Inn, Beefeater, Brewers Fayre and Costa Coffee, The company had overall sales of  £1,435 million in 2009–10. businesses that run the well-known
Sunday, December 22, 2019
History and Importance of Baseball in the US Essay
Baseball is an American icon. It is the Statue of Liberty, the bald eagle, ‘In God We Trust,’ Mount Rushmore, ice cream, apple pie, hot dogs, and rally monkeys. BASEBALL IS AMERICA.†At one time baseball held the hearts and captivated the minds of the majority of the United States of America with its luster and almost magical exuberance. It exerted this on minds of young children and all the way up to old men and women in America. Americans fell in love with the scent of ballpark hotdogs and the spectacle of beautiful ballparks to the crisp breeze of the air filled with thousands of voices belting â€Å"Take Me Out to the Ball Game†while eating a big box of Cracker Jacks. Something about the pure joy it brought upon the hearts of Americans†¦show more content†¦These ballparks tend to epitomize everything people love/loved about baseball as America’s pastime and hosted some of the most historic and iconic events in the history of baseball. W rigley Field remains as one of the most iconic sporting venues in not only baseball but in any sport in the world. When people think of Wrigley field they think of the ivy covered walls and voices yelling â€Å"Take Me Out to the Ballgame†as well as the white flags and the old traditional style of the ballpark itself. Unfortunately for the loyal fans of the Cubs, they still remain without a World Series victory since the opening of the beautiful ballpark in 1916. When someone hears Fenway Park his/her mind drifts to thoughts of the green monster and the lone red chair. He/she thinks of all of the great players and all of the great events that have taken place at Fenway. Visions of Ted Williams, Curt Schilling, even the current player David Ortiz, â€Å"Big Papi,†whose name, in my opinion, will one day carry the same magnitude as any of those other aforementioned players’ cycle through the heads of old men and women and bring back memories of a different time a nd place in baseball and make it all seem real again if even for just a second. The words â€Å"Yankee Stadium†and â€Å"The House that Ruth Built†synonymously weave through the minds of anyone who knows anything about sports. The Yankees throughout time held the contracts to some of the most iconic baseball players in history including,Show MoreRelatedThe Major Sports at Mandelbaum are Baseball, Basketball, and Football758 Words  | 3 PagesAs we moved on history, depending on the period of time that we find ourselves in, a particular sport would be important as people relate their lives into it. Mandelbaum focus on three different sports and three different time periods, to show us their relationship. He states that, sports come to play an important role in our lives as we are able relate and find a significance that represent and fits our lives. This is the explanation Mandelbaum reaches when we tries to explain why Americans hadRead MoreBaseball is the Nation al Pastime1051 Words  | 5 PagesFor most sports fans there is nothing like opening day and a baseball field. In recent years I have over heard several people say Baseball is not the National Pastime or National Game any longer. When I query these people the typical response is Football is our new National pastime/game. Frank Deford (Nov 7, 2012) a writer for Sports Illustrated said, Baseball is what we used to be. Football is what we have become. I refuse to believe this based on my knowledge of both games. In this paperRead MoreEssay about The Historical Significance of Negro Baseball Leagues953 Words  | 4 PagesNegro baseball leagues have a deep historical significance. Racism and â€Å"Jim Crow†laws encouraged segregation of African-Americans and whites. Arguably, the players on the negro baseball leagues were some of the best ever. Even today they are still being recognized and honored for their wonderful contribution to baseball as a whole. It started whe n major league owners had made a â€Å"gentleman’s agreement†to keep blacks from playing in the game. The barrier that went up was finally broken with a fewRead MoreHistory of Baseball Worldwide1210 Words  | 5 PagesTo some, Baseball is just a sport, but to others, baseball is a way of life. In the United States, but young kids mostly coming from a Hispanic country and tend to do nothing except eat, sleep, and breathe the sport of baseball. The importance of the sport gives those kids a chance to make something to look forward to in their lives. The reason why parents push their kids so hard with baseball is so that those kids can have a chance to escape their life of poverty that their parents went throughRead MoreImportance Of Heroism : The Hero s Journey1188 Words  | 5 PagesHodgkinsonÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â à ‚                                                             Global Lit 9/22/14                                                                                                                      Class 9-2  Importance of Heroism A hero is defined as a person who is admired or for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. Heroes are people who make a positive difference in the world. All heroes embark on the same journey, known as the â€Å"hero’s journey†Read MoreThemes Of The Movie 42 The Jackie Robinson Story756 Words  | 4 Pagesand is 2 hours 8 minutes long. This movie is a historical non-fiction drama about the baseball player, Jackie Robinson, and the struggles he endured as being a black man playing in major league baseball in the 1940s. The theme of the movie highlights the importance of relationships between people, with Jackie Robinson as the ultimate applicant for desegregated baseball. This movie’s purpose is to not make us feel shameful from our national shortcomings but feel pride in the triumph of Jackie RobinsonRead MoreSituational Analysis, Easton Sports1206 Words  | 5 PagesMajor Retailers that focus on Entry to Mid-Level Products *Products* The following products are sold under the brands below: Easton ® - Baseball, Softball, Ice Hockey Equipment and Accessories Bell ® - Cycling, Action Sports Helmets and Accessories Giro ® - Cycling, Snow Sport Helmets and Accessories Blackburn ® - Cycling Riddell ® - Football, Baseball, Softball Equipment and Reconditioning Services Savasa – Fitness Products *Mission Statement* Our Mission is to create the need for ourRead MoreHow The Banking Concept Has Created A False Perception Of Reality998 Words  | 4 Pagesperception of reality for the students. Without additional perspectives, the students are only able to see the world though their teacher’s beliefs. This issue is very problematic due to the importance education plays developmentally on human beings. Much of what we learn throughout our lives sticks with us and becomes part of who we are. The problem with these false perceptions is they attempt to destroy the very essence of what makes humanity extraordinary; our ability to reason. Freire writes:Read MoreJackie Robinson And The Brooklyn Dodgers2822 Words  | 12 PagesAfrican American had played professional baseball since 1884. For this reason, the integration of Jackie Robinson to the Brooklyn Dodgers as the first African American to play Major League baseball in the modern era had a grand impact on the entire country. From the mome nt that Dodgers owner, Branch Rickey decided that Robinson would break the colour lone, the history of sport and the history of African Americans would not be the same again. The importance of his integration and the effect it hadRead MoreJackie Robinson Was The First African American Baseball Player On A Team s Roster Essay1759 Words  | 8 Pagesrealizing the importance of their voice or their actions, they decide to suppress their own voices, choosing to bask in the glory they receive due to their performance during a game. It’s easy to fall into the mindset that all athletes fall under this category of ignorance or better yet indifference. Although a majority of them represent this group, there a handful that dedicates their time and voice to bring about change in society. Jackie Robinson was the first African American baseball player on
Saturday, December 14, 2019
Deadly Unna Free Essays
Novel Study – Deadly Unna? TASK: Choose a main character from the film and predict what you think happened to them after the film. During the book and the movie, Pickles Mickles has been a snarky child with behavioral problems. He has obviously had a rough time at home and has strong racist views, constantly referring to the Aboriginals as ‘boongs’, ‘abos’, ‘nungas’. We will write a custom essay sample on Deadly Unna or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is an underage drinker and smoker, even taking up drugs, and is portrayed as though he would not get very far in life. I personally believe that this is certainly the case. In my head, I picture Pickles dropping out of high school and robbing local stores. He would be a sleaze, getting around with any girl that would take him yet be afraid of commitment. During his teens, I see him spiraling further down into a pit of despair; trying to forget about his home life, barely talking to his mother, sneaking out, getting into fights. He never seemed to be the kind of person to genuinely care about anybody or anything except himself and his own beliefs. I think he is a very selfish, nasty person. Read this â€Å"The Secrets of Haiti’s Living Dead†He would have many fake friends – all trying to stay close to him so that he wouldn’t fight them. Once Pickles hit his early twenties, I picture him hitchhiking through Australia to get to Sydney, trying to make it big as an electric guitarist. He wouldn’t get anywhere of course, and end up on the streets trying to sell drugs to earn money. He is uneducated so it’s impossible for him to get a job somewhere decent and earn any money to live. Pickles would get sick, probably by some kind of sexually transmitted infection, or maybe he’d end up getting it by sharing needles. I think he is the type of person to have a high addiction to lethal drugs like heroin, crystal meth, cocaine, ecstasy. And of course marijuana, as the movie already shows us. By the time Pickles hits thirty he will still be living on the streets of Sydney, rummaging through restaurant trash cans and industrial bins for food scraps to live off. At this point, he would be going half mad demanding for money off pedestrians on the streets, struggling to keep his addictions under control, not being able to pay for his ‘booze’. Maybe it’s a little exaggerated, but it could happen. The rest of his life could play out two ways. Either one, he decides to pick up his act and get a job, go to university, get a degree†¦ Or he continues to be a homeless wreck spinning uncontrollably into madness, either getting into trouble with police and getting put in jail or dying alone; perhaps alcohol poisoning, overdose, or a shooting or stabbing, or being hit by a car and getting critical injuries. It sounds horrible, sure, but that’s how I’ve envisioned Pickles’ life playing out since watching the film of Deadly Unna. He is a crude person who, with his attitude, will not get far at all. How to cite Deadly Unna, Papers Deadly Unna Free Essays Teaching in Action Indicators How did the teacher achieve this? Importance of Teaching Focuses classroom time on teaching and learning Links teaching to real-life situations of the learners Time Allocation Follows a consistent schedule and maintains procedures and routines Handles administrative tasks quickly and efficiently Prepares materials in advance Maintains momentum within and across lessons Limits disruption and interruptions Teacher’s Expectations Sets clearly articulated high expectations for self and learners Orients the classroom experience toward improvement and growth Stresses student responsibility and accountability Teaching Plans Carefully links objectives and activities Organisms content for effective presentation Explores learner understanding by asking questions Considers learner attention span and learning style when designing lessons Develops objectives, questions activities that reflect higher lower level cognitive skills as appropriate for the content the learners. Monitoring learning progress potential Homework Clearly explains homework Relates homework to the content under study and to learner capacity Monitoring Learner Progress Targets questions to lesson objectives Thinks through likely misconceptions that may occur during teaching and monitors learners for these misconceptions Gives clear, specific and timely feedback Re-teaches learners who did not achieve mastery and offers tutoring to learners who seek additional help Responding to Learner Needs Abilities Suits teaching to learner’s achievement levels and needs Participates in staff development Uses a variety of grouping strategies Monitors and assesses learner progress Knows and understands learners as individuals in terms of ability, achievement, learning styles and needs Observing Lesson Content Focusing activity: Lesson sequence: Logical progression: Flow between lesson parts: Culminating activity: Objectives met? Evaluation of learning: Other: Personal – Enthusiasm – Initiative – Teacher presence â €“ Relationship with class – General comments: How to cite Deadly Unna, Papers
Friday, December 6, 2019
Effectiveness of the Business Incubators-Free-Samples for Students
Question: Discuss about the Role of the university business startup incubators for student startups in Melbourne business schools. Answer: Introduction Problem statement In Melbourne Business School, there are high numbers of university graduates who aspire to establish start-ups and there is some business start up incubators to help them set up the business. The purpose of this research will be to determine how effective is the role of these business incubators to help the university students set up their start-up companies. Research aim The aim of the research is to determine how effectively the business incubators of Melbourne help the business school students to establish startup businesses. Research objectives Determining the effectiveness of the business incubators The role played by the business incubators in Melbourne Research methodology This chapter emphasizes on the required methodology for the research work. In this chapter an outline of the research method will be provided and along with that research strategy, approach and philosophy will be provided. The justification behind choosing specific data collection process and analyses is incorporated in this chapter. Research outline The research work will be conducted using post positivism as the philosophy of the research and deductive approach will be suitable to conduct the research s it would help to evaluate the impact of other aspects on the start up businesses other than business incubators. Descriptive research design will be chosen and the data will be collected from secondary sources only. To get the findings the researcher will have to conduct a thematic analysis based on the data collected from secondary sources like journals, articles, websites and many more. Research philosophy As stated by Taylor, BogdanDeVault, (2015), there are three major types of research philosophy and those are realism, positivism and post positivism. For this particular research work post positivism research philosophy will be chosen. The justification behind selecting post positivism philosophy is it will help to complete the research with necessary cross checked data(Panneerselvam, 2014). Not only that, post positivism research philosophy helps to take inputs from the existing research works and also provides the knowledge by collecting and analyzing new data. Thus it can be said that this particular research philosophy relies on both theoretical and practical perspective of reality. Therefore post positivism philosophy will be appropriate for this research work. Approach of the research As observed by Smith, (2015), there are two main types of research approach and those are inductive and deductive. Inductive approach emphasizes on developing unique set of ideas and theories relevant to the topic of the research; on the other hand, deductive approach helps to examine and validate the effectiveness of the previous research works and theories(Neuman Robson, 2014). For this research work, data will be collected from secondary sources and the existing research works along with their findings, theories, and hypothesis will be crucial to conduct the research regarding the role of business incubator in Melbourne for helping to set up star ups for the university graduates. Therefore deductive approach will be perfect to conduct the research. Purpose of the research As observed by Smith, (2015), the research purpose gives a proper framework to the research work and a particular purpose for conducting the research work. There are three types of purpose of research and those are exploratory, explanatory and descriptive. For this particular topic of the research descriptive purpose will be chosen as it would help to conduct the research with vivid explanation and exploration by highlighting more information related to the topic of the research. Process of data collection To finish the research, collection of data is the most important thing. Sources of data are generally two types, one is primary and the other one is secondary. As stated by Taylor, BogdanDeVault, (2015), first hand collected data are the primary data which can be accumulated by conducting survey, taking interviews and observing scenarios. As stated by Taylor, BogdanDeVault, (2015),on the other hand information collected from sources like government websites, newspaper articles, books, journals, industry reports and many more. The primary data can be collected from individual respondents of the research work and on the other hand, by consulting and observing existing theories, ideas, research findings and many other secondary sources of research secondary data can be collected(Neuman Robson, 2014). For this particular research work, secondary data will be collected and from secondary sources like various business journals and websites necessary information regarding business incubator will be attained for completion of the research work. Data analysis technique As stated by Taylor, BogdanDeVault, (2015),there are two ways of analyzing the collected data, one is qualitative and the other one is quantitative. For this research work, qualitative type of data analysis will be done, as conducting thematic analysis will help the researcher to identify all the chief theories and themes that can potentially impact the strategies of the research.As observed by Smith, (2015), thematic analysis focuses on the organizations and the vividly described dataset. This analysis not only observes phrases, words and numbers, but also, identifies the explicit and implicit set if ideas underneath the collected data. Coding is the major process of developing themes using the raw data and interpretation of those codes may incorporate identifying theme co-occurrence, graphically displayed relation among various themes and comparing the frequencies of the themes (Neuman Robson, 2014). Thus thematic analysis is believed to be the most successful tool for conducting s uccessful research works using data collected from secondary sources. Ethical consideration In order to successfully conduct a research work, the aspect of ethics should be considered. The researcher will have to take permission before collecting the information from various business organizations regarding their funding and other aspects (Smith, 2015). The privacy of the collected data should be sustained by the researcher who will be conducting the research work abiding by Data Protection Act 1998 (Panneerselvam, 2014). According to this act, no personal information can be collected for any kind of research work and the collected data shall not be used for any personal or commercial benefit other than academic causes. References Albort-Morant, G., Oghazi, P. (2016). How useful are incubators for new entrepreneurs?.Journal of Business Research,69(6), 2125-2129. Apa, R., Grandinetti, R., Sedita, S. R. (2017). The social and business dimensions of a networked business incubator: the case of H-Farm.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,24(2), 198-221. Bank, N., Fichter, K., Klofsten, M. (2017).Sustainability-profiled incubators and securing the inflow of tenantsThe case of Green Garage Berlin.Journal of Cleaner Production,157, 76-83. Blackburne, G. D., Buckley, P. J. (2017).The international business incubator as a foreign market entry mode.Long Range Planning. Bliemel, M. J., Flores, R. G., de Klerk, S., Miles, M. P., Costa, B., Monteiro, P. (2016).The role and performance of accelerators in the Australian startup ecosystem. Bliemel, M. J., Flores, R. G., de Klerk, S., Miles, M. P., Costa, B., Monteiro, P. (2016).The role and performance of accelerators in the Australian startup ecosystem. Jackson, P., Richter, N., Schildhauer, T. (2017). Open Innovation with digital startups using Corporate AceeleratorsA review of the current state of research.ZPB ZeitschriftfrPolitikberatung,7(4), 152-159. Kumar, A., Kumar, R., Haque, M. R., Chowdhury, S. P., Islam, S. (2017). Entrepreneurial Networks and Knowledge Transfer: The Moderating Role of Incubator/Accelerator Affiliation.Asian Economic and Financial Review,7(11), 1093. Lewis, S. (2015). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches.Health promotion practice,16(4), 473-475. Mian, S., Lamine, W., Fayolle, A. (2016). Technology Business Incubation: An overview of the state of knowledge.Technovation,50, 1-12. Neuman, W. L., Robson, K. (2014).Basics of social research.Pearson Canada. Nunberger, I. (2017). Business incubation and startups in the ICT sector.Retrieved on,1. Panneerselvam, R. (2014).Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Parker, S. C., Congregado, E., Golpe, A., Saxenian, A. (2015).20 Incubators and Accelerators.Concise Guide to Entrepreneurship, Technology and Innovation,3, 108. Rizvi, S., Salman, F., Qureshi, S. (2015).An In-Depth-Study of the Effectiveness of the Existing University Business Incubator (UBI) in Pakistan.Global Management Journal for Academic Corporate Studies,5(2), 49. Silverman, D. (Ed.). (2016).Qualitative research.Sage. Smith, J. A. (Ed.). (2015).Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage. Spence, L. J., Frynas, J. G., Muthuri, J. N., Navare, J. (Eds.). (2018).Research Handbook on Small Business Social Responsibility: Global Perspectives. Edward Elgar Publishing. Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., DeVault, M. (2015).Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Van Weele, M. A., Steinz, H. J., Van Rijnsoever, F. J. (2017). Start?up Communities as Communities of Practice: Shining a Light on Geographical Scale and Membership.Tijdschriftvooreconomische en socialegeografie. Van Weele, M. A., Van Rijnsoever, F. J., Eveleens, C., Steinz, H., van Stijn, N. (2015). Start-EU-up! International incubation practices to overcome the main challenges of the Western European entrepreneurial ecosystem.DRUID15 RomeThe Relevance of Innovation.
Friday, November 29, 2019
Monday, November 25, 2019
BUS 620 Essays
BUS 620 Essays BUS 620 Essay BUS 620 Essay The Future of the New York TimesMicah BlountBUS 620- Managerial MarketingPro. Mary WrightJuly 29, 2013The New York Times cannot compete with digital media and still deliver the best quality news because as stated by The Future of The New York Times (2005), â€Å"Advertising accounts for almost all of the digital operations revenues†(par.32). Much of the revenue from newspapers come from classified advertising, but the majority of this form of advertisement has moved to the Internet. Individuals and companies seeking to buy or sell products and services now us sites like Amazon and Craigslist, also job opportunities are posted on site like Careerbuilder.com and Indeed which has mad it hard for giants like The New York Times to compete. Marketers have utilized the innovation of clicks per ad, this how can the innovation allows Markets to monitor how my people click on their ads and if that click resulted in a purchase, it is a great way for marketers to better target their audie nce. For example an ad on Facebook can track individuals based on location, demographics, gender, etc. Along with the falling ad revenue its print circulation is dwindling too but it is not just The New York Times, Statics from the US Audit Bureau of Circulation show that total daily US newspaper circulation has declined by almost a quarter since its peak of 63.3 million in 1984 to 10.6 per cent in 2009 to around 44 million (Perez-Pena, 2009). Even though The New York Times print circulation ads are dwindling, according to The Future of The New York Time (2005) â€Å"A majority of the paper’s readership now views the paper online, but the company still derives 90% of it revenue from newspapering†(Par.37). In order for Sulzberger to revive the newspaper they must embrace digital product offerings and let go of how they are accustom to selling information. The challenge The New York Times face, with so much free access to information online, how will
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1
Case Study Example This paper analyses Sysco’s need for a Business Intelligence Software, its development with software vendor, Business Objects and the implementation and integration decisions. It also looks at the three basic license buying structures available to the company and discusses the most important decision of all which is the quantity of licenses to buy. Sysco is a highly decentralized business system with different regional operations and specialty’s which are independent from each other. All these independent business systems have some form of Business Intelligence systems which had to be replaced. Having a common Business intelligence system would mean that the different operations of the company will have to pay their part of the cost which might reduce their net profits and replace a system which was working properly. Therefore the different operations might resist implementing the new system all over the company. A Business Intelligence system would take care of Sysco’s data mining and extraction needs. It would also help in producing reports and analysis and help in data distribution. Sysco initially decided that it would use the Business Intelligence software to answer only two questions. They were ‘Which additional products would we be selling to each of our customers?’ and ‘Which of our current customers are we most likely to lose?’ The two questions that Sysco decided to address were forward looking and predictive. Answering these questions manually was very time consuming and cumbersome. Automated, quick and constant answers to these questions would be extremely helpful to Sysco as they were integral to the company’s business and would generate a rapid return on investment. By partially implementing the Business intelligence system, the company would become familiar with its scope. Business Objects recommended this approach as it utilized its main competitive advantages of adhoc querying, caching and
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Comparing and Contrasting Development in Germany and Kenya Research Paper
Comparing and Contrasting Development in Germany and Kenya - Research Paper Example From this study it is clear that the physical geography of the two nations has played a big role in shaping their population settlement patterns, geopolitics, economic and social development, imperialism, and other areas that ultimately determine development.This paper outlines that it is highly industrialized and populous country with the largest national economy in Europe. It is among the largest world exporters and is rich in minerals like natural gas, copper, iron, and nickel. She has a GDP of $3.2 trillion, a per capita income of $39,028 and life expectancy is 80.44 years. Its population is at 82.2 million. Furthermore, its people are highly educated with a 99% literacy level (Knowles 36). On the other hand, Kenya is less developed than Germany, although it is the most highly developed country in the Eastern Africa. It is less industrialized and has fewer minerals than Germany. It majorly depends on agricultural exports, which tend to fluctuate considering harsh climatic cond itions. Germany’s most densely populated areas are along or near rivers. The first civilization in Germany stated around rivers since people were looking for more productive and fertile soil. Thus, people were able to produce more crops, and allowed every person to become productive. The overall result was the development of the country. Berlin City, the most populated city, is the capital city of Germany, which is located along the river.
Monday, November 18, 2019
Hermaphrodite Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Hermaphrodite - Research Paper Example Although some hermaphrodites have one sex organ being more dominant than the other, some have a combination of both genitalia sharing dominance. Medical practitioners in the U.S. estimate the frequency of hermaphrodite’s births to be 1 in 1500. An extensive review of a medical journal published in 1998 by Dr. Gregory Simpsons provides a glimpse of different sex variations and their probability of occurring. The probability of delivering a child that is not XX or XY is 1 in 1,666 births. Discussion Hermaphrodites are treated differently in different cultures due to their sexual orientation. Asian cultures have classified such individuals as a third gender that blends social roles for centuries. Most societies throughout the globe expect hermaphrodites to identify with one gender role, either male or female (Dreger, 25). There exists no universal tolerance to this biological phenomenon, but the existence of hermaphrodites was known to many ancient cultures. Medical authors for e xample, introduced the term â€Å"true hermaphrodite†to accommodate persons who had both testicular and ovarian tissues during the Victorian era. The terms male pseudo-hermaphrodite, and female pseudo-hermaphrodite were coined later to describe individuals who had one dominant genitalia. However, British medical specialist, Allen Weber, sought to replace the term hermaphrodite with intersex. True Hermaphrodite A true hermaphrodite is an individual with both testicular and ovarian tissues. In addition, the genitalia are often ambiguous since none of the organs is fully developed. So far, there is no known cause of this biological problem that affects thousands throughout different cultures. However, Dr. Kathleen Long postulates that the cause of this problem could be the mutation of the sex-determining gene in addition to the fertilization of an ovum by two sperms (Long, 152). Partly, this could explain why the genitalia have both organs present at the same time. Mostly, ovar ies develop underneath each testicle leading to an ovotestis that contains both types of the tissues. However, there is no documented case in which both genitalia function. Some of the katyotypes that have been encountered so far include 46XX/47XXY, 46XX/46XY, and 47ZZY. This condition can be distinguished histologically since it is dissimilar to mixed gonadal dysgenesis. As of May 2008, there have been 11 cases reported of fertility in true hermaphrodite humans. However, a case in which both gonadal tissues function is yet to be documented, as opposed to rumors that true hermaphrodites can impregnate themselves. The degree of external genitalia ambiguity is dependent on the amount of testosterone that is produced by the testicular tissue between the 8th and the 16th week of the gestation period (Long, 180). Medical authors suggest that it is caused by the division of one ovum, followed by fertilization of both haploids before they fuse again early in the fetus development stage. Ho wever, few people believe it is caused by the mutations in the SRY gene. Male Pseudo-Hermaphrodite A male pseudo-hermaphrodite has ambiguous female external characteristics, but the male organ is often dominant. In most cases, the testicles are fully developed even though they are attached to an under-developed female genital. Individuals with this biological condition have secondary sexual characteristics such as being less virile and often portray a feminine
Saturday, November 16, 2019
The Atlantic Charter Churchill And Roosevelt Legendary Meeting History Essay
The Atlantic Charter Churchill And Roosevelt Legendary Meeting History Essay August 8, 1941, the crew of Britains newest battleship HMS Prince of Wales was cleaving her way at top-speed through the unrelenting heavy seas of the Atlantic to Placentia Bay, Newfoundland. Onboard this ship is British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill, who had made the voyage across the Atlantic where President Roosevelt eagerly awaited the onset of discussions fateful to the outcome of the Second World War. On August 9, 1941, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill met onboard the American cruiser U.S.S. Augusta anchored off the coast of Newfoundland. The discussion between the two leaders at the meeting would result in a joint declaration called the Atlantic Charter. It promptly created a critical alliance which supported Britain in its fight against the Nazi Regime. Subsequently the agreement established post-war goals for World War II and laid the groundwork for future international peacekeeping organizations. Two years prior to the beginning of World War II in the spring of 1938, German speakers living in the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia began favoring for closer ties with Germany. Hitler began to support those requests and favored reclaiming the Sudetenland. He had recently annexed Austria into Germany and the conquest of Czechoslovakia was the next step in his plan of creating a greater Germany (Sep 30, 1938). Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain was intent on averting war, although the Czechoslovak government hoped that Britain and France would offer assistance in the event of a German invasion (Sep 30, 1938). Chamberlain traveled twice to Germany to offer Hitler favorable agreements, but the German chancellor kept increasing his demands (Sep 30, 1938). International tension increased when Hitler began demanding the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia be under the control of the German government. In an attempt to resolve the crisis, Chamberlain met with the leaders of Germany, France, and Italy in Munich to discuss the terms of handling the Sudetenland. Within the early morning hours of September 30, 1938 Adolf Hitler of Germany, Benito Mussolini of Italy, Èduoard Daladier of France, and Neville Chamberlain of Britain signed the Munich Pact, which sealed the fate of Czechoslovakia, virtually handing it over to Germany in the name of peace (Sep 30, 1938). The Munich Pact sacrificed the autonomy of Czechoslovakia on the pedestal of a very short peace term (Sep 30, 1938). The peace of the world only lasted eleven months before Hitler seized the rest of Czechoslovakia in March of 1939 (Friedrich). In response to Hitlers violation of the Munich Agreement, Britain signed with Poland the Polish-British Common Defense Pact, which guaranteed the integrity of the Polish state. Chamberlains decision to sign Poland after the dismemberment of the Czechoslovak state meant Britain, along with France were committed to protecting a nation where they had no common borders (Invasion of Poland). Reacting to the Anglo-Polish alliance, Hitler negotiated the German-Soviet Pact of August 1939, which made Poland partitioned between the two powers, enabled Germany to invade Poland without Soviet intervention (Invasion of Poland). On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland and later on September 17, 1939, the Soviet Union invaded the eastern part of the coun try. Britain and France, standing by their guarantee declared war against Germany September 3, 1939 (Invasion of Poland). This was the beginning of World War II. The Phony War was the label given to the period of time between September 1939 and 1940 when Britain and France had not fought in combat. For several months, German troops sat and waited while French forces held their defenses (The Finest Hour). The Phony War would come to an end on April 9, 1940 when Hitler began a successful attack on Denmark and Norway. Then on May 10, German troops launched a blitzkrieg attack on the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. The German army was quickly advancing across Europe and would soon cross the line of fortifications that protected France. On June 10, 1940, Hitlers armies swept throughout the region of France with Frances defeat only a matter of time, the country fell under Nazi control on June 22 (The Finest Hour). After the fall of France, Prime Minister Churchill faced the possibility of invasion coming from France, across the English Channel. Churchill amassed the British navy to stand between Hitler and England. In an attempt to demolish the Royal navy, Hitler turned to the Luftwaffe, Germanys air force, to destroy Brittans air defenses. The intense attack called the Battle of Britain would continue for three months where day after day as many as a thousand German airplanes dropped bombs within the city of London and Britain (The Finest hour). By the end of 1941, Britain had experienced a shortage of war materials that they were unable to pay for and was fatigued by the constant air raids from the Germans. Churchill, in favor for an alliance with the U.S., tried to communicate with Roosevelt to facilitate the sending of military supplies over to Britain (The Finest hour). Bounded by the Neutrality Act of 1939, the U.S. was not permitted to release arms to any warring country unless on cash and carry terms (Decker and Chiei 2). Without antagonizing the isolationist who wanted to keep the U.S out of international affairs, Roosevelt constructed the Lend-Lease Act, a bill that empowered the president to sell, transfer title to, lend, lease, or dispose of [articles of defense to] the government of any country the President deems vital to the defense of the United States. The Lend-Lease Act provided the British with planes, tanks, guns, artillery, and ammunition without them paying for it. Bypassing the legislation would prove c ritical to sustaining U.S. allies and would be necessary for continued preparation for what appeared to be the inevitable involvement of the U.S. in WWII (Decker and Chiei 2). Throughout 1940 and 1941, Churchill attempted to win the confidence of Americans by demonstrating his trust in them. Roosevelts presidential advisors Averell Harriman and Harry Hopkins were invited by Churchill to meet Britains highest military leaders (The Finest Hour). Broad- ranging talks would consolidate policy during the meetings (Robbins). Outlining his views on strategy to win the American alliance in the war, Churchill reassured his guests that the Japanese would not enter the war until they were sure that we were beaten. They did not want to fight the United States and the British Empire together (qtd. in The Finest Hour). The roaring advance of Hitlers Nazi army had widened the war rapidly and Hitlers attack on Russia had created the need for a Roosevelt-Churchill summit meeting (Robbins). Roosevelt planned for a meeting between the two leaders that was privately held off the coast of Newfoundland. The President objective for the meeting was to cement relations with Britai n and to discuss terms on the Lend-Lease Act. Churchills objective was to draw the U.S. into WWII and secure more help for the British (Behind Closed Doors). Boarding the British battleship HMS Prince of Wales on August 4, 1941, Churchill proceeded on his voyage to meet with the President. Cruising through malignant waters of the Atlantic Ocean filled with enemy submarines and raiders shrugged off the dangers and continued to toil away at official papers and increasing Roosevelts support for the war (Robbins). Churchills departure was kept at utmost secrecy to outmaneuver Hitlers Kriegsmarine. While Churchills whereabouts were kept hidden, however, because the Americans were still at peace, presidential locations were fully located. The White House told the nation that Roosevelt was enjoying a fishing holiday onboard the Presidential yacht Potomac. Once Roosevelt left the surveillance of the nation, he joined the U.S.S Augusta and continued his voyage to Placentia Bay under the shield of planes and destroyers (Robbins). The destiny of the world would depend on the effectiveness of the policies agreed by Winston and Churchill. After the attack on Russia by the Germans on June 22, 1941, Churchill immediately aligned with the Russians and arranged the signing of a pact to provide possible aid. On August 9, 1941, Churchill met Roosevelt onboard the U.S.S. Augusta, anchored off the coast of Newfoundland in Placentia Bay. This would mark the beginning of high-level collaborations that would continue until the end of the war (The Finest Hour). During the meeting at Newfoundland, there was a discussion on a strategy to block the anticipated military moves of Hitler and Mussolini. Those present at the meeting felt that combined American and British staff had enough to outwit the axis dictators, though a round table alliance was scarcely the type of structure Hitler was likely to employ with Rome and Tokyo (Robbins). Future moves for the war were coordinated at the meeting to ensure that Hitlers despotism was destroyed. The issue of the Far East and Japan had to be taken care of, also including the issue of Vichy France and the best means of keeping the French battleships out of German hands (Robbins). The stature of the meeting was manifest in the way the two leaders came together for Sunday service on the battleship Prince of Wales. A symbolic moment at war took place when military leaders and sailors of both nations mingles together to sing hymns that Churchill had selected (The finest Hour). On the last day of the meeting Roosevelt and Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter, which expressed a commitment to the principles of self governance and freedom for every country, called for the destruction of the Nazi tyranny, and looked forward to free trade, cooperation, and peace among all nations. The post-war goals the leaders discussed became points laid out in the charter that were for the betterment of the world: (1) Countries shall not seek territorial gain, (2) If the citizens or governing government do not approve of territorial gain, then there shall be none, (3) The rights of people should be respected and not deprived from them, (4) Economic prosperity and trade should Endeavour between the two countries, (5) Collaboration between nations of improved labor standards, economic prosperity, and social security, (6) After WWII, hopes to see established worldwide peace and people have the freedom of speech, (7) If such peace is achieved, then people should be able to be fr ee to move around the world without intervention, (8) All the nations of the world should abandon the use of weapons. (Atlantic Charter). In London September 24, 1941, the delegate of the ten allied nations including the Soviet Union proclaimed allegiance to the Atlantic Charter. U.S. neutrality ended December 7, 1941 when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. Hitler declared war and the U.S. inevitably entered WWII, along with its allies Britain and Russia. During WWII, although Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin were allies, tensions arose between the great three leaders. The glue that held the Anglo-American-Soviet alliance together during the war was the determination to defeat Nazi Germany, fascist Italy, and Japans military government reaching for control of East Asia (Uneasy Allies). The leaders held discreet aims for their respective countries that were in conflict with each other, though by temporary muting their differences they allowed their alliance to survive. Debate arose concerning from the first point of the Atlantic Charter; Countries shall not seek territorial gain. A key issue was Roosevelts mistrust of Britains imperial ambitions. The question was asked Would Britain give up its Nations of Commonwealth in order to comply with the standard of the charter?. Britain had imperialistic motives and Roosevelt did not agree with them, he saw the charter as a solution to end it (BBC). Declarations two and four of the charter lai d the foundations for granting of independence to Britains colonial empire which began as early as 1947. Meanwhile another territorial issue was brewing with one of the Allies. Stalins ideological post-war degrees about control over nations increased tensions between himself and Churchill. At the Teheran meeting, Churchill and Stalin made percentage agreements over how much each nation school control Europe. An agreement was never reached and this has proved to have cause strained tensions against the Soviet Union for attempting to spread communist rule around Eastern Europe (Uneasy Allies). Today, we see proof of the Atlantic Charters lasting impact when people of free nations try and collaborate to try to rescue those victimized by tyrants. The goals laid out by President Roosevelt and Winston Churchill at that diplomatic meeting in August 1941 has laid the foundation of peacekeeping organizations, that strive to keep at equal human rights. Organizations such as the U.N and NATO have sprung from the principles of the charter, created nearly six decades ago, its intent still worthwhile today. The alliance forged at Placentia Bay between two great leaders would prove to be successful in defeating the Nazi Regime and keeping worldwide peace.
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
Compare And Contrast Thomas Be Essay -- essays research papers
The archetypal hero journey, Joseph Campbell states, is a typical series of heroic actions. Four stages form the hero journey: departure, trials, epiphany, and return (the stages do not necessarily occur consecutive with the listing). Death and resurrection of lifestyle and beliefs, spiritual journey, and finally rebirth form hero journey’s motif. An archetypal hero pattern is the transformation of the character’s conscience through trials and revelations. Lust, fear, and social duties tend to be the main trials heroes face. Campbell defines a hero as a character who overcomes his trials and gives his life to something superior to himself--committed extraordinary deeds. There are two types of heroes. The physical hero gives himself to rescue someone’s physical life or well-being; the spiritual hero returns to enlighten his people and, therefore, spare them misfortune or disastrous situations. Such characters enable the author to aid the reader in perceiving the positive aspects of negative situations and vice versa. Joseph Campbell’s hero journey outline provides an understanding for the paths heroes take pertaining to their specific circumstances. Â Â Â Â Â Two characters that follow the hero journey are Job of the wisdom books of the Old Testament and Murder in the Cathedral’s Thomas Becket. Job is a fortunate and distinctively devout man. Satan wants to prove to God Job’s faith will falter if his blessings are obliterated. Satan creates an agonizing event sequence Job must suffer through. Job’s children, livestock, land, and health are taken away from him, and his comforters--three friends and a wife--believe Job deserves the turmoil and tell him he must repent his sins to regain his splendor. Becoming frustrated with the increasing agony he must endure, Job questions God’s actions but retains his faith. Thomas Becket’s story begins when King Henry II has trouble prosecuting church clergy under England’s law since the church they should try clergymen. Believing Becket will be a government ally, Henry appoints Becket (then King Henry’s chancellor) Archbishop. Becket finds the church has the right to try its, and holds God’s will above the king’s. Murder in the Cathedral begins with Becket, the current Archb... ...el assured his people will not be completely sorrowful when they lose their Archbishop. After speaking with his congregation, Becket is prepared for his death. Both Job and Becket return to their people in prayer. Â Â Â Â Â Joseph Campbell’s hero journey interpretation outlines the sequences of Job’s and Thomas Becket’s heroic circumstances. Each character progresses through the hero journey stages even though they do not necessarily follow the pattern. Job and Becket have similarities in their journeys: both experience a lifestyle alteration, are met with four advisors, and return to their people prayerful and matured; but the processes the characters journey through are distinctly different. Both Becket and Job fit Campbell’s hero definition: one who overcomes his trials and gives himself to a superior being. Both Job and Becket overcome their trials and give themselves to God. The two characters are categorized as spiritual heroes because they return sharing their spiritual findings with others. Job and Thomas Becket are spiritual heroes who successfully fulfill every phase of the hero journey Joseph Campbell outlines.
Monday, November 11, 2019
Beowulf Paper Essay
â€Å"Time and again, foul things attacked me, lurking and stalking, but I lashed out, gave as good as I got with my sword. My flesh was not for feasting on, there would be no monsters gnawing and gloating over their banquet at the bottom of the sea. Instead, in the morning, mangled and sleeping the sleep of the sword, lay slopped and floated like the ocean’s leavings. From now on sailors would be safe, the deep-sea raids were over for good. Light came from the east, bright guarantee of God, and the waves went quiet; I could see headlands and buffeted cliffs. Often, for undaunted courage, fate spares the man it has not already marked. However it occurred, my sword had killed nine sea-monsters. Such night-dangers and hard ordeals I have never heard of nor of a man more desolate in surging waves. But worn out as I was, I survived, came through with my life. The ocean lifted and laid me ashore, I landed safe on the coast of Finland.†* Seamus Heaney, Beowulf: A new Transla tion, Lines 559-581 The epic poem, Beowulf, is an old classic hero tale. The author tells throughout the poem how Beowulf is an archetypal hero through different characteristics, good and bad combined. He usually portrays health, skill, consideration, honor, loyalty, respect and the quality of a protagonist, and then at times he also is an antagonist. He sticks to what the king asked him to do, and fought off Grendel, then he stayed around to fight off Grendel’s mother and the dragon to keep the town out of danger and terror, showing loyalty, honor, skill, respect, and health. But he was an antagonist when he taunted Grendel to get him to battle him. (Lines 301-709) He also showed consideration when he fought off Grendel’s mother after she wanted vengeance for Grendel (Lines 710-1007), and when he fought off the dragon (2211-2512). In the particular passage above Beowulf is perceived as Healthy, Skillful and Educated. He comes off as healthy because he says that he fought monsters time and time again, which requires a healthy system to uphold against the constant fighting. He comes off as Skillful because he said that no monsters were gloating over him at the bottom of the sea, instead he was lying on top of the sea, still living and then landed on shore. He also is skillful because he killed nine sea-monsters and protected the sailors from all of the sea monsters that they were once terrorized and killed by. Then Beowulf comes off as Educated because of all the sailors and men that passed through that part of the sea, he was the only one that had the education and skill to kill off the monsters that were dangerous and a hard ordeal. And it’s not only in this passage that the author shows that Beowulf is healthy, it’s all the way up until the very last battle where his health pretty much crashes and burns because he can’t withstand the wound. But even with all the good, Beowulf is also bad, he doesn’t have the best moral quality, being in a Christian poem. He boasts about how he killed Grendel, and still takes money from the people in the town even when they don’t have the most money in the world (Lines 1925-2210). Any person with any moral uphold wouldn’t accept the money, gold and horses from the town people and he wouldn’t boast about killing someone, he would boast that he protected the town from danger. The author successfully proved Beowulf to be the great hero he was said to be through his depiction of Beowulf as the skillful, educated epic hero and the way he told the story. Works Cited: Heaney, S. (n.d.). Beowulf: The New Translation.
Friday, November 8, 2019
Differences Between Allopathic and Osteopathic Medicine
Differences Between Allopathic and Osteopathic Medicine There are two basic types of medical training: allopathic and osteopathic. The traditional medical degree, the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.), requires training in allopathic medicine while osteopathic medical schools award the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degree. Students hoping to achieve either degree attend medical schools and receive substantial training (4 years, not including residency), and other than the osteopathic students ability to administer osteopathic medicine, there is no real marked difference between the two programs. Training The curricula of both schools are similar. State licensing agencies and most hospitals and residency programs recognize the degrees as equivalent. In other words, osteopathic doctors are legally and professionally equivalent to allopathic doctors. The important difference between the two types of schools of training is that osteopathic medical schools take a holistic perspective on the practice of medicine based on a belief in treating the whole patient (mind-body-spirit) and the primacy of the musculoskeletal system in human health and the utility of osteopathic manipulative treatment. D.O. recipients emphasize prevention, a historical distinction which is less relevant as all of the medicine increasingly emphasizes prevention. Biomedical and clinical sciences take the forefront of both degrees training programs, requiring students of both fields to complete relatively the same course load (anatomy, microbiology, pathology, etc), but the osteopathic student additionally takes courses focused on hands-on manual medicine, including an additional 300-500 hours of study in manipulating the musculoskeletal system, a practice referred to as osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM). Admissions and Enrollment There are fewer D.O. programs than M.D. programs in the United States with about 20% of medical students entering D.O. programs each year. As compared with traditional medical school, osteopathic medical schools have a reputation for looking at the applicant, not just his or her statistics, and therefore likely to admit nontraditional applicants who are older, non-science majors or seeking a second career. The average GPA and MCAT scores for incoming students are slightly lower in osteopathic programs, but the difference is rapidly falling. The average age of entering osteopathic students is about 26 years (versus allopathic medical schools 24). Both require an undergraduate degree and basic science coursework before applying. Practicing osteopathic physicians make up seven percent of the United States medical physicians with over 96,000 practicing currently in the country. With enrollment in D.O. programs increasing steadily since 2007, though, it is expected that these numbers will climb in the coming years and more private practices will open that focus on this field of medicine. The Real Difference The main disadvantage of choosing osteopathic medicine is that that you may find yourself educating patients and colleagues about your degree and credentials (i.e., that a D.O. is the equivalent of an M.D.). Otherwise, both receive the same level of legal benefits and are fully accredited to practice in the United States. Essentially, if you are hoping to choose between the two fields of study, you really just need to evaluate whether or not you believe in a more holistic, hands-on approach to medicine or the more traditional route of becoming a Doctor of Medicine. Either way, though, youll be a physician after completing your medical school degree and residency programs.
Wednesday, November 6, 2019
The History of Leap Year
The History of Leap Year A leap year is a year with 366 days, instead of the usual 365. Leap years are necessary because the actual length of a year is 365.242 days, not 365 days, as commonly stated. Leap years occur every 4 years, and years that are evenly divisible by 4 (2004, for example) have 366 days. This extra day is added to the calendar on February 29th. However, there is one exception to the leap year rule involving century years, like the year 1900. Since the year is slightly less than 365.25 days long, adding an extra day every 4 years results in about 3 extra days being added throughout 400 years. For this reason, only 1 out of every 4 century years is considered as a leap year. Century years are only considered as leap years if they are evenly divisible by 400. Therefore, 1700, 1800, 1900 were not leap years, and 2100 will not be a leap year. But 1600 and 2000 were leap years because those year numbers are evenly divisible by 400. Julius Caesar, Father of Leap Year Julius Caesar was behind the origin of leap year in 45 BC. The early Romans had a 355-day calendar and to keep festivals occurring around the same season each year a 22 or 23 day month was created every second year. Julius Caesar decided to simplify things and added days to different months of the year to create the 365-day calendar; the actual calculations were made by Caesars astronomer, Sosigenes. Every fourth year following the 28th day of Februarius (February 29th) one day was to be added, making every fourth year a leap year. In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII further refined the calendar with the rule that leap day would occur in any year divisible by 4 as described above.
Monday, November 4, 2019
The Pepsi Refresh Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
The Pepsi Refresh Project - Research Paper Example Social media marketing entails using these social media platforms for direct marketing. Corporate blogs have become an important medium for enhancing communication with the internal and external customers (Cox, Martinez & Quinlan, 2008). Viral transfer of messages through corporate blogs reduces advertising costs while disseminating new about products and services (Scammel, 2006). The social media, being interactive in nature, has enabled customer involvement in content creation and value generation, which helps businesses to understand and serve their customers better (Abrahams, 2012). This enhances customer engagement thereby enabling the organization to build long-term customer relationship. Engaging the customer has become important in the turbulent business environment today. Apple or its iPod and iPad, CNN and Starbucks have been extensively using social media marketing for building brand awareness and brand community (Palmer & Koenig-Lewis, 2009). The number of active FaceBook users reached 500 million by 2010 with over 70% users being outside the US. More than 10 million Tweets or messages had been sent by March 2010 since its launch in 2006 (Baird & Parasnis, 2011). These have now reached a state that consumers and their virtual networks drive the conversation, which poses challenges for businesses. Companies are increasingly becoming engaged in social media marketing because they believe they will be â€Å"out of touch†if they do not do so. However, consumers have their own reasons for being engaged in social media platforms. They expect tangible benefits such as discount coupons for sharing their opinions. Thus, while social media marketing has a wider reach and great potential to engage and build customer relationship, it also poses challenges. It is also not known to what extent businesses are ready for using this platform as this is a shift from the traditional marketing media such as advertising through television and magazines. Moreover, the users might be increasing but many use social media merely to connect with family and friends. 2. Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of Social Media Marketing for business entrepreneurs. Social media marketing has several advantages such as that it allows business to gather information about their clients, create communities and encourage participation (Champoux, Durgee & McGlynn, 2012). Entrepreneurs that have been able to incorporate the social media into their business model have been able to increase brand awareness (27%), boost sales (15%) and improve customer service (11%) (Tuttle, 2010). They use the social media marketing to achieve a high level of search engine optimization (SEO) and natural search generate more sales. Increased brand awareness, increased customer acquisition and spread of information and other links is very fast through linking systems. This facilitates stakeholder communication but the disadvantage here is that the company has no control over t he content (Aula, 2010). Both small and big businesses have been harnessing the potential of social media marketing. Big businesses such as IBM own more than 100 blogs, several official Twitter accounts and a popular forum called developerWorks (Zarrella, 2010).
Saturday, November 2, 2019
Airline Sales Plunge Blame Low Fares Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Airline Sales Plunge Blame Low Fares - Essay Example Unlike the demand curve, the supply is positively related to the price hence the higher the price, the higher the quantity supplied to the market. At market equilibrium, the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied hence there is absence of excess demand or excess supply in the market (Wessels 28). The quantity demanded is determined by several factors which include the income levels of the consumers, the price of the commodity, the price of related commodities, the future expectations of changes in price and the population. The quantity of commodity supplied in the market is determined by the price of the commodity, technology and the prices of inputs of production. The supply is also determined by subsidies and government taxation (Wessels 58). This paper will discuss the airline sales plunge which may have been blamed on the low fares. The paper will examine the effect of the recession on the airline industry. Research questions and methodology The paper will answer the questions on what were the causes of decrease in the quantity demanded of airline tickets. The paper will also answer the question on the effect of the fares charged on the cost or price which was actually paid by passengers. The paper will review articles on the impact of low fares on profitability of Airline industry during the recession. The airline passenger sales revenues declined by 19 percent in September year-to-year which was not attributed to lack of business but the low passenger prices for the fares. The number of passengers who travelled during the period also declined slightly by 2 percent according to the Air transport association while the average price per one mile of flying declined substantially by 18 percent (Smith 2). The scenario can be explained by the low demand in the airline industry. The fees which started to be charged on services which came free initially include the checked baggage fee, pet travel, non-alcoholic drinks and food. The extra fee accumulat ed to $ 1.15 in 2009.bsome of the major carriers like U.S Airways, Delta Airlines and Continental Airlines gained about $ 10 surcharge revenues for holiday travels while maintaining their normal fares. The decline in Airline industry profitability was also affected by the increasing prices of crude oil (Smith 2). The decline in the quantity demanded of the Airline industry fares during the recession can be attributed to the decline in consumer income levels. A reduction in the income levels would lead to reduction in the quantity of goods demanded especially goods which are not basic. The recession led to decrease in the number of tourism travels and other leisure related travel hence the Airline industry had to lower their prices in order to attract and retain customers during the recession. The low fares partly attracted demand since the passenger volumes fell by 2 percent but it negatively affected business profitability since prices of inputs like crude oil increased. The prices of other related transport services like ship transport did not increase hence the airline industry had to lower their prices so as to maintain their customer base (Smith 4). The recession negatively affected the global economic and business environment whereby major multi-national companies scaled down their operations hence the volumes
Thursday, October 31, 2019
The learning organization can never be achieved in reality Essay
The learning organization can never be achieved in reality - Essay Example Management theorists including Smith recognize that although there has been considerable debate about learning organizations ever since the emergence of the concept in the early 1990s,it has not been easy to cite examples of such organizations in real life. Smith (2001a) therefore is of the opinion that the concept of the learning organization may be too idealistic to be translated into reality; similarly, theorists such as Jashapara (1993) have metaphorically equated the struggle to become a learning organization with 'a quest for the Holy Grail'. This paper first reviews, summarizes and explains available literature on the subject of learning organizations and further attempts to determine whether such an organization is in reality achievable or not.The concept of the learning organization was pioneered and popularized during the 1990s by Peter Senge through his book The Fifth Discipline which was first published in the year 1990 (Smith, 2001b). The premise behind the theory of lea rning organizations is that in the rapidly changing world; where today's new discovery may be obsolete tomorrow, only those succeed who are 'adaptive' and 'flexible' (Smith, 2001) and Senge (1990a, p. 4) believes that this could only happen when organizations 'discover how to tap people's commitment and capacity to learn at all levels'. Senge (1990a, p. 3) views learning organizations as those where people continually strive to broaden the horizons of their capacity for the achievement of desired results, where innovative and out of the box thinking is encouraged and cultivated, where team work and collectivism is valued and 'where people are continually learning to see the whole together'. Senge believes that true learning enables both organizations and individuals to re-invent themselves and thus argues that survival alone is not the objective for learning organizations. He goes on to distinguish between 'adaptive' or single-loop learning and 'generative' or double-loop learning, and explains that where 'adaptive learning' is that which is necessary for mere survival, learning organizations are those which combine adaptive learning with 'generative learning', i.e. learning which enriches the ability to create (1990a, p. 14). Evolution of the Concept of the Learning Organization Rowden (2001), in an effort to trace the learning organization to its founding disciplines recognizes that the concept of the learning organization is not new and can trace its roots in organizational learning (Argyris & Schon, 1978) as well as being derived from action learning (Revans, 1983). Further, the learning organization concept is found to be rooted in organizational development specifically in 'action research methodology' and organic organizational theory. The concept is based most specifically on systems theory (Senge, 1990a) whereas its application to business has been more of an evolutionary outcome of strategic management (Fiol & Lyles 1985; Hosley et al. 1994), which in turn has over the years realized that the fundamental source of strategic change is in fact organizational learning (DeGeus 1988; Jashapara 1993). Rowden (2001) further notes the opinions of thinkers Senge (1990b) and Stata (1989) that the practical application of the notion of the learning organizatio n began with the increased emphasis on continual quality improvement in the recent past. Characteristics of Learning Organizations Senge (1990a) identifies the five building blocks of the learning organization and calls them its 'component technologies', which are systems thinking, personal mastery, mental models, building shared vision and team learning. Similar thinking is echoed by Watkins & Marsick (1993) and Rowden (2001), who agree that learning organizations share certain key characteristics. They provide learning opportunities to
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Culture diversity Essay Example for Free
Culture diversity Essay Increasingly today, people come into regular contact with individuals from different cultures and its important to learn to talk with people who may not share a common language, background, and/or worldview. Each of us participates in at least one culture, and most of us are products of several cultures Being aware of our own culture and background is really important as it helps us understand how we are shaped by what we have experienced. Even within cultures, we all have different attitudes and beliefs based on our experiences and this will impact on the way we relate to people both professionally and in our personal life. Learning to value diversity, to become conscious of our ways of relating to each other and their ways of relating to us, does not come easily to most of us nor is it something that can be imposed from the outside. In Valuing Relationship (1995), Lewis Brown Griggs sums the interrelationship of knowing ourselves and building relationship with others as follows: Knowing myself is what allows me to know, understand, and value the diversity of others so that I can build trust with them. With more trust comes the ability to communicate more clearly, to problem solve and network more effectively, and to realize the value of synergistic relationships and productive interdependency. Together, investing in my relationship with myself and enhancing my relationship with others are important insurance policies against lost opportunities. (page 210) Griggs, L. B. (1995). Valuing Relationship: The Heart of Valuing Diversity. In L. B. Griggs L. L. Louw (Eds.), Valuing Diversity: New Tools for a New Reality. McGraw Hill, Inc: New York.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Secret trusts in Blackwell v Blackwell
Secret trusts in Blackwell v Blackwell For the prevention of fraud equity fastens on the conscience of the legatee a trust which would otherwise be inoperative: in other words, it makes him do what the will has nothing to do with, it lets him take what the will gives him, and then makes him apply it as the Court of Conscience directs, and it does so in order to give effect to the wishes of the testator, which would not otherwise be effectual per Viscount Sumner in Blackwell v Blackwell [1929] A.C. 318, 335. Discuss this view explaining the practical and legal problems the approach creates, the nature of the fraud, and whether it is a sufficient justification for the acknowledgment of both fully secret and half secret trusts. Let us commence with a brief examination of the factual circumstances which occurred in this case: A testator, by a codicil, bequeathed a legacy of  £12, 000 to five persons ‘to apply for the purposes indicated by me to them. Prior to the execution of this codicil, the terms of the trust were communicated to the legatees and the trust was accepted by them. The beneficiaries were the testator’s mistress and her illegitimate son. The plaintiff sought from the courts a declaration that no such valid trust in favour of the objects had been created on the ground that parole evidence was inadmissible to establish such a trust. Approaching this factual situation as a probate lawyer, one would not be criticised for suggesting that the trusts in question were invalid for failure to comply with the formality requirements of s9 of the Wills Act 1837, which require a will, â€Å"or any other testamentary disposition†, to be in writing, signed by the testator and two witnesses. Viscount Sumner in Blackwell v Blackwell[1] however did find that these trusts were valid, in spite of this statute: The above excerpt, from the dicta of Viscount Sumner in Blackwell v Blackwell, argues that the enforcement of a semi-secret trust does not in fact contravene the aforesaid statutory provision. Viscount Sumner reasons that the trust in question is in fact created inter vivos, and as such operates outside of the will; the testator communicated the trust to the proposed trustees who accepted it, the trust becoming fully constituted upon execution of the will and transfer of the trust property to these trustees. In this way, he argues that enforcement of the trust is not due to the will document itself, rather the previous agreement made between the trustees and testator; secret trusts therefore operate outside of the will itself and as such are not subject to the formality requirements contained in s9 of the Wills Act 1837: the whole basis of secret trusts, as I understand it, is that they operate outside the will, changing nothing that is written in it, and allowing it to operate accor ding to its tenor, but then fastening a trust on to the property in the hands of the recipient.[2] Viscount Sumner therefore argues that the enforcement of semi-secret trusts should be governed by trust law and not through the rules of probate. This conclusion is certainly neat, and prima facie, does seem to satisfy the concerns of the probate lawyer, but if Viscount Sumner’s argument is to be accepted, and we are to submit to the notion that the applicable principles to be applied to the above facts lie within the sole jurisdiction of trust law, then surely we could expect that there would be a vast body of case law which we could rely upon to support his argument. The truth however is that, despite its beauteous simplicity, there are real legal problems in reconciling this theory with our orthodox principles of trust law; the permission of a trust, which purports to bind after-acquired property, is irreconcilable with the established trust law rule that it is impossible to declare an immediate trust of future property[3], or a trust which binds such property whenever in is received[4]. These are not minor concerns, nor the only concerns: Critchley[5] argues that this viewpoint is also flawed in that Viscount Sumner has confused the notions of â€Å"outside the will†with â€Å"outside the Wills Act†, incorrectly relying on the reasoning in the case of Cullen v Attorney General for Northern Ireland[6], which was a decision relating to tax statutes rather than to the formal requirements of the Wills Act, and was as such within an entirely different legal context On top of this, Pearce and Stevens[7] convincingly argue that the case of Re Maddock[8] is wholly inconsistent with Viscount Sumner’s view: In this case, a testatrix, by her will, left her residuary estate ‘absolutely’ to X whom she appointed one of her executors. By a subsequent memorandum communicated to X during her lifetime, she directed X to hold part of the residue upon trust for named beneficiaries. There were insufficient assets to pay the debts of the estate. The legal issue was whether or not the secret beneficiaries took their interest subject to the payment of the debts. Cozens-Hardy LJ argued that â€Å"†¦the so called trust does not affect property except by reason of a personal obligation binding the individual devisee or legatee. If he renounces or disclaims, or dies in the lifetime of the testator, the persons claiming under memorandum can take nothing against the heir at law or next of kin or residuary devisee or legatee.†Viscount Su mner’s reasoning however suggests that since the trustee takes as trustee on the face of the will, the trust should not fail in the ways suggested by Cozens-Hardy in the above dicta. The legal problems and inconsistencies with Viscount Sumner’s justification must lead us to the conclusion that such trusts cannot be accounted for under the rules of inter vivos trusts; we must therefore accept that their existence does in fact mark a departure from the Wills Act 1837. This does not mean that such a view is necessarily unjustified and outside the scope of Equity’s jurisdiction; after all, Equity is the ‘court of conscience’, and as the age old maxim states ‘Equity will not allow a statute to be used as an engine of fraud’. Therefore, if it can be demonstrated that the permission of semi-secret trusts is preventing such fraud, then, despite the legal problems and inconsistencies discussed above, we may still be able to find adequate justification for the existence of such trusts. As Vaughan Williams L.J. asserted, in the case of Re Pit Rivers [1902][9], â€Å"†¦the court will never give the go-by to the provisions of the Wills Act by enforcing any one testamentary disposition not expressed in the shape and form required by the Act, except in the prevention of fraud.†Clearly therefore, whether or not this justification will apply to any given case depends upon which definition of ‘fraud’ is subscribed to in that case. In McCormick v Grogan[10], the ‘fraud’ being protected was that of the secret trustee: it is only in clear cases of fraud that this doctrine has been appliedcases in which the Court has been persuaded that there has been a fraudulent inducement held out on the part of the apparent beneficiary in order to lead the testator to confide to him the duty which he so undertook to perform. The protection of this type of fraud has been held out, and confirmed in subsequent cases, to be the traditional justification for the existence of the doctrine of secret trusts. However, in the case of semi-secret trusts [such as the type of trust at issue in the case of Blackwell v Blackwell] such fraud is not possible; the face of the will makes it quite clear that the secret trustee is not to take the property beneficially, a nd should the contents of the trust be denied by that trustee, the property would return to the estate by way of resulting trust. And yet in cases involving half-secret trusts, we can still see the courts employing justification-arguments based on fraud. In such cases, a wider conception of ‘fraud’ has been employed; â€Å"it is not the personal fraud of the purported legatee, but a general fraud committed upon the testator and the beneficiaries by reason of the failure to observe the intentions of the former and of the destruction of the beneficial interests of the latter.†It was this argument put forward in the case of Riordan v Banon[11]: â€Å"it appears that it would also be a fraud though the result would be to defeat the expressed intention for the benefit of the heir, next of kin or residuary donee,†and it was this passage which was cited by Hall V.C. in the case of Re Fleetwood[12], a case which was relied upon by Viscount Sumner in the formulation of his judgement: â€Å"It seems to me that, apart from legislation, the application of the principle of Equity in Fleetwood’s case†¦ was logical, and was justified by the same considerations as in cases of fraud and absolute gifts. Why should equity forbid an honest trustee to give effect to his promise, made to a deceased testator, and compel him to pay another legatee, about whom it is quite certain that the testator did not mean to make him the object of his bounty?†Challinor[13] argues that the ‘fraud theory’ has been extended in an artificial way in order to encompass a justification of half-secret trusts and the modern case law. A huge flaw exists in making such an extension; she argues that equity’s willingness to respect a testator’s wishes where that testator has not met the formality requirements as stipulated by s9 of the Wills Act is inconsistent with its approach to other commonplace situations in which a testators wishes are not respected by Equity in the same way: for example, â€Å"purported beneficiaries under ineffective wills are routinely deprived of property which testators or settlers would desire them to have, simply because wills and trusts have not been put into effect in the proper manner.†She argues that the traditional equitable maxim that â€Å"equity will not permit a statute to be used as an engine of fraud†must be adapted to something more like â€Å"equity will not allow a statute to be used so as to renege on a promise†if it is to fit within the situations envisaged in Blackwell v Blackwell. The effect of such a mild form of fraud theory is to shift the focus â€Å"onto potential, rather than actual, wrongdoing†¦ the policy aim underlying it is thus proactive (or preventative) rather than reactive (or curative).†In conclusion therefore, Viscount Sumner’s view as to the enforcement of secret and semi-secret trusts is one which creates a number of practical problems. It gives testators a valid reason for not observing the statutory formalities normally applicable in making a will. These statutory formalities are in place for the very purpose of preventing personal fraud, and in light of this, it seems odd that Viscount Sumner should support a view which in itself gives testators the option of bypassing these precautions and thus increasing their risks to such fraud, especially in light of the fact that the underlying justification in his viewpoint is one of ensuring that the testator’s true intentions are honoured. I must therefore conclude that in light of its legal problems and inconsistencies, the artificial nature of the ‘fraud’ it seeks to prevent, the practical problems which arise as a result of acknowledging such trusts, the view expressed by Viscount Sumner in the case of Blackwell v Blackwell does not provide a sufficient justification for the acknowledgment of both fully secret and half secret trusts. Bibliography Critchley, Instruments of Fraud, Testamentary Dispositions, and the Doctrine of Secret Trusts (1999) 115 L.Q.R. 631 Pearce Stevens, The Law of Trusts and Equitable Obligations (2nd ed., London, 1998) Conveyancer and Property Lawyer 2005. â€Å"DEBUNKING THE MYTH OF SECRET TRUSTS†Emma Challinor Moffat, Trusts Law Text and Materials 3rd ed Footnotes [1] [1929] A.C. 318, 335 [2] Megarry V.C in Snowden, Re [1979] 2 All E.R. 172 at 177, expressing the same viewpoint as Viscount Sumner in Blackwell case [3] Williams v C.I.R. [1965] N.Z.L.R. 395 [4] Permanent Trustee Co v Scales (1930) 30 S.R. (N.S.W.) 391 [5] Critchley, Instruments of Fraud, Testamentary Dispositions, and the Doctrine of Secret Trusts (1999) 115 L.Q.R. 631 at 635 and 641 [6] Cullen v Attorney-General for Ireland (1866) L.R. 1 H.L. 190 at 198, per Lord Westbury. [7] Pearce Stevens, The Law of Trusts and Equitable Obligations (2nd ed., London, 1998), p.222 [8] Maddock, Re [1902] 2 Ch. 220 [9] Pit Rivers, Re [1902] 1 Ch. 403 [10] McCormick v Grogan (1869) L.R 4 H.L. 82 at 89 [11] (1876) 10 Ir. Eq. 469 [12] (188) 15 Ch.D. 594 at 606-607 [13] Conveyancer and Property Lawyer 2005. â€Å"DEBUNKING THE MYTH OF SECRET TRUSTS†Emma Challinor
Friday, October 25, 2019
Hypotheses on the Extinction of Dinosaurs Essays -- Exploratory Essays
Hypotheses on the Extinction of Dinosaurs In the early nineteen hundreds, dinosaur fossils were discovered and recognized around the globe. Greedy scientists and civilians, searching for their own prize skeleton, rushed to rip bones out of the ground, destroying the fossils as they went. It was not until later in the century that scientists and paleontologists began pondering how such widespread creatures disappeared. Currently, paleontologists debate the two main hypotheses of how the classic dinosaurs died: from volcanic activity or an asteroid impact. Although they result in the same outcome, the volcanic and asteroid hypotheses differ in key elements: the actual event, the environment's stress, and the impact on life. Physical evidence left behind in each scenario supports each possible explanation for the massive extinction responsible for wiping out the dinosaurs. Scientists that support the volcanic activity hypothesis believe the massive volcanic activity lasted approximately 500,000 years eventually ending dinosaurs reign on earth. The lava flows filled over 480,000 cubic miles, devastating areas over the entire globe. For example, The Decan Trap, a famous site of Cretaceous tectonic activity, is up to 8,000 feet deep, and it averaged between thirty-three and 164 feet deep. Fires raged across the lands. Those that believe in the asteroid impact, on the other hand, project a six mile wide meteorite moved at speeds from 50,000 mph to 150,000 mph and busted into Earth's atmosphere at the end of the Cretaceous Period. The sudden impact near the present day Yucatan Peninsula ejected 5,000 cubic miles of debris into the atmosphere and created an earthquake of magnitude thirteen sending tidal waves, 250 to 300 feet high... ...sms alike. Conversely, paleontologists backing the asteroid hypothesis guess the massive blast killed nearby animals instantaneously. Creatures on the opposite side of the world, however, were not so lucky. They were forced to dwell in freezing temperatures until vegetation withered. Herbivores quickly starved to death; consequently, carnivores lacked prey. Instead of gradually dying off, dinosaurs perished within one generation. Although the two hypotheses of the great extinction come from opposite occurrences, in the end the event proved fatal. While paleontologists may never agree on the true cause of dinosaurs' extinction, many people are now speculating mankind's termination. Will mother nature be responsible for our destruction also? Only time will tell. Perhaps in the far future, another species will encounter human remains and search for our match maker.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
JKL International plc. International Human Resource Essay
INTRODUCTION With the trend of globalisation, the number of multinational companies is constantly increasing as well as expatriates (Business Recorder, 2011). Expatriate management now is an essential issue of human resource department because it takes a large amount of budget from the corporation. It is inevitable for expatriates to face culture barriers in subsidiaries because of unique national cultures in all countries over the world. National culture is †cultural experiences, beliefs, learned behaviour patterns, and values shared by citizens of the same nation†(Neale _et al_, 2006, p.26). A national culture will significantly affect any employee working in firms and furthermore, national culture will influence the management framework in a company as well accompanied with organisational culture so that cross culture management is helpful not only for the supervisors’ decisions but also for employees especially for expatriates (Chen, 2006, p. 2). In the case study of JKL, it showed a range of problems in their expatriates which related national cultures and JKL will implement a British managerial system into its Russian subsidiary. This essay will first examine the problems and issues in managing expatriates in JKL and then evaluate the proposal from Jim Flinn, the CEO of Zagorski who will apply an entire British managerial system into a Russian subsidiary. ORGANISATIONAL CONTEXT (CASE STUDY) JKL is a British pharmaceutical company which was founded in 1925 and it has expanded its business by acquiring other pharmaceutical companies in Malaysia, India, Greece and USA. Recently, JKL has made the largest acquisition of Zagorski, a pharmaceutical company in Russia. At the headquarter of UK, JKL applies a decentralised organisational structure. All managers are required to give their own opinions to avoid some drawbacks of group decision making which is conformity pressure in groups (Robbins and Judge, 2009, p.336). Employees are allowed to propose valuable ideas to manufacture and administrative systems as well. Supervisors will award monetary incentives (one of the physical needs) as motivation to employees and managers (Carrell, Elbert and Hatfield, 2000, p.129) if their initiatives are judged as potential innovations. On the other hand, in subsidiaries, JKL applied localised human resource practices in order to fit local cultural values and legal systems (Dowling, Festing and Engle, 2008, p.217) by keeping local managers with existing organisational and managerial systems. In past years, those subsidiaries in Malaysia, India and Greece were continually making profits to JKL and JKL also regularly sent managers and specialists to those subsidiaries for expatriation in a period of time. After the acquisition of Zagorski, Dr. Jim Flinn will be the CEO who had spent last three years in the subsidiary of USA. PART ONE: EXPATRIATES MANAGEMENT AND CROSS CULTURE MANAGEMENT IN MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS INTRODUCTION Culture is a popular topic in literature research and it could be described as a †software of the mind†(Hofstede, 1991, p. 2) .With the trend of globalisation, managing cultural differences has become an important issue in human resource management of multinational corporations. Misunderstanding may be occurred if culture differences are not well-managed even these colleagues are working in the same organisation (Hall, 1995, p.6). In the case study, seven expatriates of JKL have their own problems and for JKL, there is a high expatriate leaving rate after repatriation (Appendix F). This essay will identify the problem of seven expatriates working in JKL and its subsidiaries and after that, rational proposals of changes will be given to them on the basis of improvements of JKL’s human resource department. EXPATRIATES AND ORGANISATION PROBLEMS AND PROPOSALS FOR CHANGES EXPATRIATES In the case study it lists seven expatriates with their problems and in the following essay they will be numbered from A to G. A (RETURNED FROM PENNSYLVANIA, USA) According to the case study, expatriate A was the first expatriate to Pennsylvania because of an attractive salary. The reason of returning is that expatiate A was annoyed about following managers received better compensation packages than him although they were almost doing the same works. The main problems of the human resource department of JKL are rewarding system and lack of correct performance appraisal system. †Every employee believes, and most experts believe, that pay and rewards are an important part of an organisation’s human resource management†(Harris, Brewster and Sparrow, 2003, p.91). In fact, the first expatriate to a subsidiary will face loads of difficulties in practical and then try to solve them as a pioneer (Business Wire, 1998). As a result, the first expatriate is deserved to have a better compensation package than followers. As the perspective of organisation, the first expatriate may important to human resource managers because this person can be regarded as a training model of human resource management (Arusha Times, 2009, p.16). On the other hand, because of lacking effective performance appraisal, expatriate A had a lower compensation package compared with following managers and that may be the reason of the compensation package of expatriate A was retain unvarying for a long time as well. Expatriates sometimes will feel unfair if performance evaluate system is not effective enough because insufficient performance appraisal system may make expatriates uncertain of their performance especially for those hard working expats (Gordon, 2010, p.56). The possible solution of dealing this problem is establishing an effective reward system by performance appraisal (Performance -related reward system). Performance-related pay (PRP) can change the payment from a rigid structure to a flexible way depended on performance (Harris, Brewster and Sparrow, 2003, p.94). By applying this system, the productivity of employees will be significantly increased and for expatriates, they will be motivated and more willing to finish their assignments as well (Gielen, Kerkhofs and Van, 2010, p.299). Furthermore, accurate evaluation is also a factor which company need to take account because there is an essential link between motivation and performance appraisal (Carrell, Elbert and Hatfield, 2000, p.315). B (RETURNED FROM INDIA) The reason of expatriate B returning to UK is that his spouse and child had enough of India living and schooling as seemed to be suffering (Case Study). The main problem of the human resource department of JKL is expatriate selection especially in cross-cultural suitability and family. Cross-cultural suitability and family are two of the most crucial criteria of expatriate selection (Dowling, Festing and Engle, 2008, p.120). In culture aspect, Hofstede’s national culture model demonstrated the main various between UK and India in power distance and individualism (Appendix A). According to appendix A, the power distance column in India is much higher than it in UK as well as individualism so that there maybe the reason of his spouse had enough of India. In addition, unlike Western Europe civilisation, there is a caste system in India which cause the high power distance and many females in India basically are not regarded as equal to males (Robert _et al_., 2000, pp.654-656). Moreover, individualism in India is much less important than UK so that residents in India intend to work, study and live collectively (South Asian Studies, 2011) that is totally different to UK. As a result, the wife and child keened on back to UK because of the cultural adjustment problem while her husband was still working only with British colleagues (Case Study). The solutions will be provided here are selecting an appropriate candidate as an expatriate and putting more emphasis on cross-cultural suitability and family requirement. Cotemporary, the family element is having more important weight in expatriate selection because of non-working factors and potential influence to working expatriates (Andreason and Aaron, 2008, pp. 386-387). C (RETURNED AFTER A-FIVE-YEAR-ASSIGNMENT AND WOULD BE SENT OUT IMMEDIATELY) The problem of JKL here is about repatriate management and in detail; it will be related to re-entry management. In general, after completing an international assignment, an expatriate will go back to the home country as called re-entry or repatriation (Harzing and Ruysseveldt, 2004, p.337). However, most repatriates will cope with culture shock after they back to the home country. Using an example of India and UK here, although many British work in India as expats for its booming economic and after their finishing assignments, back to UK, they therefore only find they cannot work under a UK context (The International Herald Tribune, 2009). That may be the reason that JKL sent employee C abroad again without hesitation in order to avoid coping with culture shocks (Case Study). It is obviously that JKL need to improve their repatriate management and there are many models here from other multinational companies. JKL could ‘Offer repatriation training, pre-departure training, and re-entry orientation to employees and their families’ (Liu, 2005, p.129) and expats can increase the awareness of repatriation and decrease the uncertainty after back to the home country . Moreover, JKL could prepare a job vacancy in expatriate management division of human resource management because expatriates have various working experiences in other countries (Berman and Ursula, 2009, pp.80-81). D (NOW WORKING IN GREECE AS AN EXPATRIATE) The major issue of expatriate D in Greece now is adapting the local customs and culture in Greece although JKL had a prepared pre-departure training programme (Case Study). In Hofstede’s national culture demonstration of UK and Greece (Appendix B), the uncertainty avoidance is extremely high and no long-term orientation in Greece. In the case of expatriate D, a problem of communication is occurred as well. In theoretical aspect, there four problems in cross-cultural oral communication: †semantics, word connotations, tone differences and differences among perceptions†(Robbins and Judge, 2009, pp.407-408) and English and Greek are classified to two different language system. As a result, it will take a longer training programme to completely learn and understand a foreign language. Likewise the body language and gestures in England are slightly different to the world, for example, a †V†gesture means victory or peace in many countries but in England, †if the palm and fingers face inward, it means ‘up yours’ especially if executed with an upward jerk of the fingers†(New York Times, 1996, p.E7). Consequently, post-departure training is a rational option for expatriate D to continually make adjustments into Greek culture. The reason is that post-departure training is suit for expatriates living in a country which has an entirely different culture and it can accelerate accustoming another culture (Managing Training and Development, 2005). E AND F (CONFUSED AFTER REPATRIATE) Expatriate E and F have similar problems after finishing their international assignments because JKL currently have no response about their repatriate (Case Study). The problem of JKL must be repatriate management. The possible solution will be provided here is putting emphasis on repatriate management. In fact, in last ten years, there is an increasing number of multinational corporations focus on repatriate management while in 1990s, only few companies would hold a re-entry discussion. According to a survey in 1997, only 27% firms supposed to hold a discussion about re-entry and it had been improved in 2000s. In 2004, there are 86% companies intended to discuss the re-entry issue (Dowling, Festing and Engle, 2008, p.199). JKL could offer repatriate supports to repatriates such as give interaction to human resource management to increase the sense of loyalty so that the company can avoid losing these experienced employees (Harzing and Ruysseveldt, 2004, pp. 343-344). G (THOUGHT GREEK DISCRIMINATE AGAINST FEMALE) From expatriate G’s case, it seems Greek dislike the idea of female even she is well qualified or experienced (Case Study). Thus, for JKL, it shall investigate the culture and even the working environment in Greece. From Hofstede’s national culture model, UK and Greece possess almost the same figure in masculinity and Greece actually has a lower masculinity figure than UK (Appendix B). However, the power distance in Greece is much higher than it in UK which means whatever a male or female, their ideas are hardly applied to supervisors as an employee. In Greek working condition, it is surprisingly to find much evidence of discrimination against female. According to an official report written by Greek Helsinki Monitor (GHM) and the World Organisation against Torture (OMCT) (2002, pp.13-21), there are approximately 4500 rapes in working communities every year and only 6% are reported to police. Furthermore, Sexual harassment in communities is common in Greece due to no specific legislation of sexual harassment. Those factors may be the reasons of Greek male employees discriminate against female in the working place. In JKL’s view, it is a challenge to solve this problem as well, one of the effective ways is sending a male expatriate instead of female employee in Greece to prevent any hidden risks in Greece and make further investigation in Greek subsidiaries. ORGANISATION From the case study, JKL have a high expatriate failure rate (Exceed 46%) in subsidiaries except USA (Appendix F). JKL has paid a low attention on cross culture management because it applies a localised managerial system and most managers in the subsidiaries are from the host countries. In fact, many multicultural corporations which apply localised managerial system have the same issue in manage culture difference (National Centre for Vocational Education Research, 2006, p.1). According to Brunstein (1995, pp. 275-280), a localised managerial system will positively fit the local context and it is easier to bring profit like autonomy units in a shorter of time than centralised management system. However, the drawbacks are employees especially the expatriates from the parent company will probably face a huge culture shock in the subsidiary if their cultures are totally different. As a result, JKL must release many improvements in human resource department especially in expatriate management field. If JKL continually applies a localised managerial system in acquired firms, it may only have problems on expatriates’ management. However, once the supervisors intended to transplant the whole management system into a country with entirely different national culture like flag-planting, it definitely will bring a serious impact to the target subsidiary and the worst consequence may like the failure of Japanisation entering UK in 1990s. CONCLUSION The main problem that JKL has is on its international human resource management as a part of managerial system. In the case study, seven expatriate had a range of typical expatriate problems comprising training, expatriate selection and repatriate management. Moreover, 43 per cent of expatriate left JKL after their repatriation and at least 46 per cent of expatriate cannot complete their tour in subsidiaries except USA. In short, those fundamental factors of expatriates’ problems are totally based on various national cultures that JKL need to take account in its cross culture management. PART TWO: APPRAISE THE DECENTRALISED MANAGERIAL SYSTEMS OF JKL APPLIED IN RUSSIAN AFFILIATE INTRODUCTION Like national cultures, many companies have developed their own organisational culture as well as managerial structure. Organisational structure is important to multinational corporations because it will definitely interact with different national cultures in host countries (Francesco and Gold, 2005, p.236). In the case study, JKL applies a polycentric control system in Malaysia, India and Greece and decision making authority is awarded to subsidiaries in order to avoid drawbacks on the motivation and political problems in these countries (Stonehouse _et al_, 2004, pp.382-383). As a result, those subsidiaries make profit very shortly (Case Study). This essay will evaluate Jim Flinn’s proposal who intends to transplant a whole managerial system from JKL headquarter to its Russian affiliate. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS OF JKL’S AND ZAGORSKI’S STRUCTURES AND MANAGERIAL SYSTEMS At the headquarter in UK and its affiliate in USA, JKL uses a decentralised management structure and employees will be empowered to make decisions on their own works (Case Study). Currently, many European multinational companies applied decentralised managerial structure and developed an organisational culture called ‘old boys network’ with high autonomy (Bartlett, Ghoshal and Birkinshaw 2003 pp.342-343). Decentralised structure is one of the most successful management systems in transnational corporations which has experienced a long time modification and has generated many derivative systems. Under this system, diverse standards are made to fit specific manufacturing cases and it will enhance developing new and innovative products (Johnson _et al_, 2008, p. 166). For JKL, it is a brilliant choice because innovation is actually a crucial factor to a pharmaceutical company. Yet, the weak point of this system is hard to implement global business strategies because those subsidiaries are working as autonomies while Zagorski used to apply a centralised structure which renowned for the efficiency of implements business strategies. Furthermore, JKL developed a monitoring system with performance appraisal in headquarter and USA which can significantly motivate employees in working place (Decenzo and Robbins, 1999, pp. 292-294). However, there are a few weaknesses of performance appraisal system. For example, a report from General Electric (GE) which applied performance appraisal system and it found that those employees who received a honest but negative feedback from supervisors would actually not motivated them but decrease the motivation in their work (Oberg, 2000, p. 64). On the contrast, a centralised structure has a formal bureaucracy system with a tall hierarchy and fixed official duties (Francesco and Gold 2005, pp.240-241). This structure is therefore suit for small or middle-sized companies at the beginning stage for effective control power in strategy implementation (Jeong, 2001, p. 446). One the other hand, the Economist (2004, p.33) found that with the increasing size of firms, a centralised structure will constantly lose the efficiency of decision making process through the complicated bureaucracy system and the employees will get used to receive orders from supervisors instead of expressing their own idea. In addition, there is no performance related rewards in Zagorski because a tall hierarchy management system proposed to make a uniform management system by formalised, vertical and fair control so that regulations are designed to fit every employee as a same unit (Czinkota, Ronkainen and Moffett, 1999, p.712). NATIONAL CULTURE DIFFERENCES JKL used to transplant their management system to its subsidiary in USA and it successful worked. This is the main reason that Jim Flinn, the former manager in US affiliate wants to transplant the system to Russia again. Before making the final decision, it is necessary to analyse the reasons of this success in USA. As main economics in Europe and North America, there are many similarities in the national culture of UK and USA. According to Harris, Moran and Moran (2004, pp.297-298, pp. 437-440), free enterprise, culture affinity, English speaking, private, good manners, aggressive and self-realisation are the common key words of American and British. Moreover, in Hofstede’s national culture model (Appendix C), the national culture of USA and UK are almost the same and in uncertainty avoidance column, USA is slightly higher than UK. However, Russia is totally a different country in East Europe. First, employees in Russia are regarded as a kind of cost rather than a resource (Organizational Dynamics, 1999, p.75). Second, beside the language usage, all management decisions are made by supervisors in business context. Furthermore, Russian basically have a slow time sense and they intend to work collectively (Harris, Moran and Moran, 2004, pp.497-500). In Hofstede’s national culture demonstration (Appendix D), Russia has a higher power distances, lower individualism, higher uncertainty avoidance and no long term orientation compared to UK and USA. From a report, Russian firms used to apply a reactor business strategy in order to meet immediate need instead of long term benefits but most of those companies are finally failed (Milles and Snow, 1978, p. 353). RELEVANT CASES After culture analysis, it is showed that there is a huge difference in national culture between Russia and UK. Hence, it is not sure that Jim Flinn will still succeed again in his transplanting programme. Look back at history, in 1990s, Japanisation once became a popular word in UK and Toyota established its manufacturing plant in Derby in 1992 because there was an existing skilled engineering workforce there (The Independent, 1992, p.23). During the early 1990’s only about 55000 people were employed by Japanese companies in the UK (The Journal, 1999). Japanisation is a Japanese managerial system with Cost-centred Just in Time System, long term contracts, vertical integration to supplier and low labour turnover rate (Hasegawa, 2001, pp.165-166). However, once Japanese manager attempted to entirely implement this system into British subsidiaries, it was not worked effectively with British employees and many Japanese companies like Nissan finally failed in UK market because Japanese manufacturing method did not fit British economic and culture conditions with collective working method (Procter and Ackroyd, 1998, p. 241, pp.244-245). In Hofstede’s national culture model (Appendix E), Japan is a collective, success oriented and long term oriented country with high uncertainty avoidance which is almost an opposite of UK. It is recommended to apply a centralised managerial structure in Russia because many most Russian companies applied a †traditional production-oriented culture with strong factory patriotism†just like a typical Soviet traditions (Clarke, 2004, p. 418). In 2003, IKEA opened its first store in Russia and many Swedish worked in IKEA Russia as expatriates. After repatriation, their feedbacks are high power distance in the working place accompanied with rigid centralised management structures (Jonsson, 2008, p.34). Despite the nation culture of Russia possess a high power distance, there are some autonomous states in Russia which has rich unexplored natural resources such as Komi and Sakhalin actually have a more decentralised culture and many Dutch petroleum and pharmaceutical companies had established their affiliates with decentralised management structures in those regions (Condon, and Dauman, 1993, p.31). FORECAST According to the case study, Jim Flinn intends to use a ‘top-down’ change approach to transplant the managerial structure which may be imposed in a coercive manner (Balogun and Hailey, 2004, p.27). Once Jim Flinn has completely applied the management system that used in the headquarter and USA, the employees in Russian subsidiaries have to cope with a huge culture difference from West Europe. Jim Flinn may draw attention on the success of Dutch pharmaceutical companies in Russia as mentioned before. Thus, in a short term, transition will be a main issue in Russian subsidiary and it probably will take a long time in this process. However, in a long term perspective, the management structure of JKL’s headquarter may bring a range of benefits because a decentralised management system is exactly helpful in research and development department although the Russian employees are used to reluctant in changes (Case Study). CONCLUSION The main problem of JKL’s Russian affiliate is culture adjustment if Jim Flinn transplants the whole management structure from JKL to Zagorski. In fact, national culture will strongly influence the organisational culture as well as managerial framework of a company. Changing management system in a subsidiary is not a flag-planting work because of various national cultures involved. In the first part of essay, some expatriates actually have problems on their international assignments in India and Greece. Hence, it can be estimated that, after the transplantation, many local employees working in Russia subsidiaries may have the same problems. Furthermore, many previous cases above are provided which could be used as a reference to Jim Flinn as well. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS This essay examined the problems in managing expatriates in JKL and evaluated the proposal from Jim Flinn who will transplant a British managerial system to a Russian subsidiary. 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